Classification of Hormones
Hormone-based effects on reproductive physiology, can be classified into two groups, namely hormones that directly affect reproduction (primary reproductive hormone) dab of hormones that indirectly affect reproduction (reproductive hormone secondary), while based on chemical structure, hormones are divided into protein hormones, steroids, amen, and fat.
Hormone Assay
Various assay (determination / determination) hormone has to be done to know the kind or type, reaction or influence something as well as levels of hormones hormone at a time. These methods start from the simplest of methods biology and then ablation until such sophisticated methods ELISA, RIA, PBA, RRA.
Working Mechanism of Hormone
All of the hormone to the target organ is always through the blood circulation. Because participate in blood circulation, it can spread throughout the body and can relate with all cells go through, but only the target cells of organs that show response while the cells are not the target organs showed no response. This due to the receptor on the cell wall or inside the cell cytoplasm target. These receptors are composed of several series of hypothetical proteins is specific. The meaning here is the special nature of the receptor protein only recognize only one type of hormones and cause one or several kinds of reactions typical of the target cells. This theory is known as receptor theory.
Hormone Secretion Settings
The endocrine system is a very sensitive system settings, manage and physiological behavior of animals to changes of internal environment and externally. Regulated internal environment to maintain balance nutrients (substances in the body), while changes occur in rhythmic body activity in periods of rest (sleep) and active turns. Hence there are cycles rhythmic daily. Genesis Reproduction and growth occurs in winter and certain circumstances, migration events (travel far to anticipate climatic conditions are suitable) conducted several animal species, all of that influenced by hormones. This shows the endocrine system is affected by stimuli received through the nervous organs. In short, the endocrine glands is directly controlled by the nervous system. Neurosekretoris cells stimulation of the hypothalamus is an excellent example in this regard. In the body, such processes reproduction, growth, metabolism and others affected by two or more hormone. These hormones work together to get positives changes. For the hormone is working properly then there is the system arrangement that allows a balance between secretion activity with inhibition of secretion of hormones in the body. The settings are mainly performed on feedback mechanism (servo mechanism) or a feed back mechanism. There are two kind of feedback mechanism is positive feedback and negative feedback. In general, a negative feedback mechanism is much greater role than positive feedback mechanism to maintain balance and harmony in work and secretion of hormones. Endocrine gland in normal circumstances, and the resting state, have a constant amount of secretion, and this number is influenced by the concentration of humoral factors or nerve stimulation are working towards this organ. For example, if the concentration of sugar increase in blood (hyperglycemia), the increase in concentration is a stimulus for formation of insulin, which accelerate the expenditure of blood sugar. While state hypoglycemia stimulates the formation of which accelerate the release of epinephrine sugar into the blood from the liver. Also setting tropic hormone secretion are influenced by deficient secretion of gonadal hormones, thyroid or adrenal corteks, while giving these hormones will reduce the secretion of trophic hormones. Here look hormonal function in the regulation of body fluid homeostasis.
Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is located based on the vertebrate brain (sella tursica), covering parts optic chiasma, tube cinerum, mammilary bodies, median aminence, infundibulum (Stalks hipophysa) and pars nervosa. The hypothalamus has been known to receive information of the senses, integrating it and divide and distribute it to the tools concerned. This process works autonomously, but the size and rapid depending on the genetic nature of the slow disbursement of the individual. Neurohumoral control of adenohipopisa based on anatomical data and physiology of nerve fibers that release the hormone into the hypothalamus blood vessels portae hypotalamo-hipopiseal. Several kinds of hormones originating from the hypothalamus controls the functioning hipopisa. These hormones are FSHRH / LH-RH, oxytocin, Vassopressin, TRH, ACTH-RH, STH-RH PIH and GIH (Somatostatin).
FSH-RH and LH-RH
Included in the hormone protein. FSH-RH and LH-RH containing 10 amino amino (decapeptida), molecular weight ± 1183. FSH-RH/LH-RH cause stimulating the secretion of gonadotropin hormones (FSH and LH) dar adenohipopisa. Part hypothalamus that play a role in secretion is pre-optic FSH-RH/LH-RH anterior hypothalamus, arcuate nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and the median aminence.
Oxytocin and vasopressin
Was first detected in extracts of cow and pig hipopisa in 1953 by Du Vigneaud. This hormone is produced by synthesis neurohipopisa but there are at the supra-optic nucleus (source vassopressin) and the ventricular nuclei (source oxitocin) of the hypothalamus. The hormone is secreted from the hypothalamus via nerve axons hipotalmikhipopiseal by flow axoplasmik and stored in nerve endings. From nerve endings then forwarded to the blood capillaries in neurohipopisa henceforth secreted into the blood circulation system. This hormone is a protein hormone, containing nine different amino acids, both structures are very similar. There are two types of arginine vassopressin vassopressin is also known as Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) and lysin vassopressin. Both the hormone oxytocin and vassopressin proteins synthesized in carrier called NEUROPISIN. Neuropisin ties with oxytocin is also called prohormone to oxytocin. Oxytocin affects the contractions of the uterus, oviduct contraction thus affecting transport of ova and spermatozoa, have the effect of milk let down. Vassopressin affect water reabsorption in the kidneys.
TRH and PIH
TRH or thyrolibrin, is a protein hormone containing three acid amino (tri peptides). TRH affect the secretion of the hormone prolactin (LTH) and TSH of adenohipopisa. It is interesting that one type of hormone associated with more than one hormone from adenohipopisa. PIH is a substance that inhibits hormone secretion prolactin.
Pituitary or pituitary
In vertebrates, generally hipopisa located below the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, on legokan sphenoid bone called the sella tursica. Hipopisa in embryological develop from the ectoderm respiratory tract on the palate and the ectoderm neural in the developing hypothalamus. Multiple origin is partly carried over into adult organisms where the two main parts will be retained as kesatuankesatuan adenohipopisa gland and neurohipopisa real. Neurohipopisa consists of stalk or infundibulum and pars nervosa, whereas adenohipopisa consists of the distal pars, pars tuberalis and pars intermedia. At least there are 7 kinds of hormones produced by adenohipopisa of FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH (Thyrotropin), LTH and MSH (Intermedin). Are all proteins and hormones in FSH, LH and TSH contain carbohydrates. FSH and LH Folicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) is known as well as gonadotropin hormone because it stimulates both growth and gonad development. Is a glycoprotein hormone, where the carbohydrate content FSH more than LH (FSH in horses, sheep, cows and humans have to 25% carbohydrate). Carbohydrate chain consisting of monosaccharides namely mannosa galactose, fucosa, sialat acid and N-acetylglucosamine. FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of follicles in the ovary, stimulating the secretion of estrogen by follicle cells, and affect spermatogenesis in the testis tubule seminiferi. FSH secretion inhibited by estrogen from the ovaries and testosterone from testicular interstitial cells. LH together with FSH stimulates follicular maturation and secretion estrogen, LH causes ovulation, it is important to maintain the corpus luteum and progesterone secretion. In males, LH stimulates the growth and synthesis of androgen hormones (testosterone) in testicular interstitial cells (Leydig cell) so it is often also called Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH).
LTH (Luteotropic Hormone)
Luteotropic hormone (LTH) or Prolactin is a protein hormone contains 198 amino acids. LTH stimulate the growth of mammary gland in mammals (Including rats, rabbits and guinea pigs). In pigeons, LTH stimulate crop growth. Together with LH, LTH maintain functional activities corpus luteum, LTH also stimulate maternal behavior (maternal) such as the nature incubate in birds.
Gonad
Is the primary reproductive organs, where the male is called the testes and in female is called the ovary. Generally, a hormone produced by the gonads isthe steroid hormone androgen (testosterone), estrogen, progesterone and relaxin.
Androgens (Testosterone)
Produced by Leydig cells in testis. Testosterone is required for Sexual differentiation of outer genital organs, affects the process desencus testiculorum, growth and sustainability of gonad function complement produce cement plasma ejaculation time, affect the libido (sexual behavior) and the ability erection during ejaculation, affect the secondary sex characteristics and maintain the continuity of spermatogenesis.
Estrogen
Produced by the ovaries (follicle theca cells). Estrogen is necessary for physiological manifestations of estrus; affect the growth of the uterine endometrium. Histological changes in the vaginal epithelium during the estrous cycle, affecting growth of mammary glands channels feeding time, controlling the release of hormones pituitary (FSH and LH), responsible for the emergence of secondary sex characteristics in females, sensitize the uterine muscle to oxytocin, relaxes the cervix, vagina and vulva and cause tonus of the uterus.
Progesterone
It is a hormone secreted by cells in the corpus luteum lutein ovary. Progesterone is needed to maintain pregnancy by road inhibits spontaneous uterine movements and eliminate or reduce the response myometrium to oxytocin, inhibit secretion of FSH and LH to prevent occurrence of estrus, ovulation and estrus cycle, together with estrogen causes growth and development of mammary gland alveolar system.
Known as relaxin
Besides known as relaxin produced by the corpus luteum is also produced by the placenta. Separation of functions known as relaxin stimulate simphisis pubis in guinea pigs and mice (Facilitate deliveries), causing dilatation of the cervix uteri in pigs, cows, mice (also facilitate deliveries).
Hormone Plecenta
Included here is the hormone PMSG (Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin), Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG).
PMSG (Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin)
PMSG diketemukakan on pregnant horse serum, is a glycoprotein with sialat a high acid content. Secreted by the endometrial cups (bowls endometrium) of the horses that formed the uterus 6 weeks gestation and there continued until week thirty. PMSG activity similar to FSH and LH (but tend to be more similar to FSH), often used to stimulate development follicles in superovulation for embryo transfer. Sialat acid content more higher and longer half-life compared with FSH, causes PMSG more effective than FSH.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG).
This hormone is excreted through the urine of pregnant women. Synthesized by the cells sinsitiotropoblas of the placenta. In humans it is known that there are 8 days after ovulation ( approximately day after implantation). HCG causes the corpus luteum becomes functional for pregnancy. HCG is a glycoprotein hormone that has activities such as LH. Often used to treat the events SISTIC ovaries (in cattle) and in some cases used also to stimulate ovulation.
Prostaglandins
Not the hormone but has an important function in the process of reproduction. There are 5 different prostaglandins namely PGA, PGB, PGC, PGE and PGF. Only PGE and PGF which have an influence on the genitals. PGF2alpha responsible process of corpus luteum regression (luteolysis) in estrus cycle (cows, goats, sheep, horse). Although prostaglandins was first discovered in semen and plasma vesicula produced seminal. At present it is clear that these substances produced large in some tissues and is released in the blood. High levels of prostaglandins in human semen for fertility seems absolutely normal, since men with Low levels of prostaglandins in plasma cement, showing a decline fertility, although containing the number of normal spermatozoa. Prostaglandins have various effects on smooth muscle, and nervous system blood pressure and also play a role in the regulation of biological activity berbedabeda. Prostaglandins reduce arterial blood pressure, but increases the contraction uterus during childbirth. They are also used to induce miscarriage in early pregnancy (the effects of the destruction of the corpus luteum). Prostaglandins also inhibit muscle motility of the intestine and can cause severe convulsions, vomiting and diarrhea. In some species, prostaglandins have an anesthetic effect calm.